What Are California E-Bike Laws and Why Are They Important in 2025?
California e-bike laws regulate electric bicycles to ensure safety, define classifications, and set power and speed limits. In 2025, updated legislation caps motor power at 750 watts and restricts throttle use on Class 1 and 3 e-bikes, while mandating battery safety certifications. These laws clarify which e-bikes are street-legal, helping riders comply with regulations and promoting safer, responsible cycling.
How Are Electric Bikes Classified Under California Law?
California categorizes electric bicycles into Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3. Class 1 e-bikes are pedal-assist only, providing motor support up to 20 mph—no throttle allowed. Class 2 models feature a throttle that also stops assisting at 20 mph. Class 3 bikes are pedal-assist only with support up to 28 mph; the use of throttles is no longer permitted in this class. All legal e-bikes must have operable pedals and a motor capped at 750 watts.
California classifies e-bikes into three classes:
- Class 1: Pedal-assist only, motor assists up to 20 mph, no throttle allowed.
- Class 2: Equipped with a throttle, motor assists up to 20 mph.
- Class 3: Pedal-assist only, motor assists up to 28 mph, no throttle allowed, riders must be 16+ and wear helmets.
Each class has specific restrictions on where e-bikes can be ridden, with Class 1 allowed on most bike paths and Class 3 restricted on some trails.
What Are the Power and Speed Limits for California E-Bikes?
California law limits e-bike motors to a maximum of 750 watts. E-bikes cannot be modified to exceed 20 mph on motor power alone, except Class 3 bikes which can reach 28 mph with pedal assist. Throttle use is prohibited on Class 1 and 3 e-bikes but allowed on Class 2 up to 20 mph. These limits prevent e-bikes from being classified as mopeds or motorcycles.
How Does the 2025 Legislation Address Safety and Battery Standards?
Senate Bill 1271 mandates third-party safety certification for e-bike batteries by January 2026 to reduce fire risks. All riders must wear helmets on Class 3 e-bikes, and riders under 16 are prohibited from using Class 3 models. The law also requires motorists to give e-bikes at least three feet clearance when passing, enhancing rider safety.
What Are the Rules Regarding Modified or Non-Compliant E-Bikes?
E-bikes modified to exceed power or speed limits lose their legal e-bike status and cannot be sold or marketed as such. Pedal-less electric bikes are excluded from the e-bike classification and may be regulated as mopeds or motorcycles. This prevents high-performance e-bikes from circumventing safety regulations.
Where Can California E-Bikes Be Legally Ridden?
In California, Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes can be used on bike paths, multi-use trails, and most city streets, offering versatility for recreational and commuter use. Class 3 e-bikes, due to higher speeds, are typically restricted to roads and on-street bike lanes but are not allowed on most bike paths or off-street trails unless local ordinances explicitly permit them. Riders must always adhere to posted signs and regional rules for specific trails and paths.
- Class 1: Allowed on bike lanes, multi-use paths, and most streets.
- Class 2: Allowed on bike lanes and streets, but not on bike paths restricting motorized vehicles.
- Class 3: Allowed on streets and bike lanes but prohibited on bike paths and trails where motorized vehicles are banned.
Local jurisdictions may impose additional restrictions, so riders should check local ordinances.
California E-Bike Law Summary Chart
| Aspect | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Type | Pedal-assist only | Throttle + pedal-assist | Pedal-assist only |
| Max Motor Power | 750W | 750W | 750W |
| Max Speed Motor Assist | 20 mph | 20 mph | 28 mph |
| Throttle Allowed | No | Yes (up to 20 mph) | No |
| Helmet Required | No | No | Yes |
| Minimum Rider Age | No | No | 16+ |
| Allowed on Bike Paths | Yes | Limited | No |
Purchasing Advice
When buying an e-bike in California, ensure it complies with the 2025 laws: motor power under 750 watts, appropriate class designation, and throttle restrictions. Choose models with third-party battery safety certifications. Consider your riding needs—commuting, recreation, or fitness—and select the class accordingly. Trusted brands like HOVSCO offer compliant e-bikes with advanced safety features. Verify local regulations as they may add restrictions.
HOVSCO Expert Views
"HOVSCO supports California’s 2025 e-bike laws as a balanced approach to safety and accessibility. By setting clear power and speed limits alongside battery safety standards, these regulations protect riders and the public while encouraging sustainable transportation. HOVSCO’s compliant e-bikes integrate these standards with rider-focused design, ensuring safe, enjoyable, and legal cycling experiences."
FAQ
Q: Can I use a throttle on all California e-bikes?
A: No, throttles are only allowed on Class 2 e-bikes, capped at 20 mph.
Q: Are helmets required for all e-bike riders in California?
A: Helmets are mandatory for Class 3 e-bike riders and those under 18 on any e-bike.
Q: What happens if I modify my e-bike to exceed power limits?
A: The e-bike loses legal classification and may be considered a motor vehicle, subject to registration and licensing.
Q: Can I ride a Class 3 e-bike on bike paths?
A: Generally no; Class 3 e-bikes are restricted from bike paths where motorized vehicles are prohibited.
Q: When do battery safety certifications become mandatory?
A: By January 1, 2026, all e-bike batteries sold in California must have third-party safety certification.
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